Description of IMS interactive calls, EU and Network architecture

| 2024-11-29 | Page 1
IMS Data Channel
Interactive Calling for consumers and
businesses
Sven Gemski, Strategic Product Manager IMS
Solution Area Core Networks
2024-11-28

| 2024-11-29 | Page 2
Contents
● Introduction
● Use cases
● Values and SW value packages
● Network and UE architecture
● Security and trust
● Standardization
● Commercialization plan
● Summary and conclusion

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Introduction

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IMS data channel
Interactivecallingforconsumers&
businesses
● 3GPP architecture for in-call web apps
– Evolved UE dialer for web content
– IMS 5G flow/4G bearer for data
● Unlimited number of use cases
– Anything that can be offered through web in a call
– Possibility to enrich offerings with AI and XR
● Timing
– PoCs and ecosystem collaboration since 2021
– Support in IMS Core from 2024 Q4, support in MTAS
and MRF/MF pending business decision
Video
SIP/Text
Data
S
g
IMS
Abc
Web Services
AI/AR/VR
Voice
S
g
DCAS

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Naming and driving organizations
● IMS Data Channel
– 3GPP standardized concept
– GSMA NG.134 & NG.129
● 5G New Calling (5GNC)
– GSMA marketing of IMS data channel
● Interactive Calling
– Ericsson’s commercial offering of IMS Data Channel
and 5G New Calling
– Applicable to both VoNR and VoLTE, and later also to
VoWiFi, and Vo6G
IMS Data Channel 5G New Calling
Interactive Calling

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IMS data channel – Status
update
November2024
● Standardization
– Started in 3GPP R16 but still many open questions in R18, CRs and R19
needed for full commercial implementation
– Chinese specifications not publicly available in CCSA or 3GPP making it hard
for vendors outside China to implement as IPR agreements are based on
standardized scope
● Customers
– Strong interest from almost all lead customers
– China Mobile have launched limited services based on ViNR and proprietary
5GNC specifications, China Telecom is eager to catch up
– PoC projects concluded in Europe (Telefonica) and the US (TMO & Verizon)
● Devices
– Committed by almost all OEMs except Apple and Pixel
– Apple has raised security concerns which are being addressed in GSMA
● Market timing
– Support of IMS DC in the SBC and CSCF from October 2024. Support in
MTAS and MRF(MF) is pending business decision.
China Inc TS
IF3
&
IF4
X Apple
X Pixel (Google)
 Samsung
 Xiaomi
 Oppo
 Vivo
 Huawei
 Honor
 OnePlus
 LG
 Nokia
DC1
&
DC2
3GPP Rel-18 TS
DTLS
ICE lite

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Use cases

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Interactive Calling
Usecaseexamples
Smartphones Verticals
Speech-to/from-text services
• Transcription
• Language translation
• Automated meeting notes
• Conversational AI
Advertising
• Ads while waiting in a queue
• Ads before connecting for low-end
subscriptions
Advanced video services
• Avatar calling
• Sign language translation
• Fun calling & celebrity calling
• Holographic calling
Interactive ringing
• Packet delivery service
• Priority messages service
Medical support
• Medical parameters (heart rate
etc) in calls to health care
providers
• Remote ultrasound
examination using haptic
communication
Car insurance claim
• Traffic data such as speed and
location at accident uploaded in
car insurance claim calls
Car display sharing
• Visual guidance from customer
support via the car display
screen
Remote assistance
• AR markers in video calls for fault
location and guidance etc
VR co-operation
• Connecting teams between
different sites to work on
common VR projects
Central drone steering
• Serving other cities and remote
areas with:
−Search and rescue ops
−Urgent deliveries
−General surveillance
Visual IVR
• Clickable response alternatives
complementing voice prompting
Customized menus
• Forms and file uploader for
collecting required information
Screen sharing
• Visual guidance in customer service
calls
• In-call contract sharing and signing
• Whiteboard sharing with
annotation
• Co-browsing and photo sharing

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Visual Guidance Visual IVR
Advertisements
Screen Sharing
Forms & Files Avatar Calling
Translation
Medical
Prioritization
Call Summary VR Calling
Interactive Ringing
Speech-To-Text Advanced Video
Web Communication
Transcription
Automotive Service Call
Call Polls Sign Language Translation
Welcome to
the 112-
emergency
service. How
may I help
you?
Welcome to the
112-emergency
service. How may I
help you?
Interactive Calling use case examples

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Visual guidance in customer service calls
● A support agent may initiate a data channel session in a support call when a visual
guidance will help to answer a question or explain a solution to a problem
1) Sharing the call log if complains
about an expensive bill
– Helps to conclude the call faster with a
visual “proof” as an explanation
2) Showing how to configure a desired
feature in a complex menu structure
– Helps to conclude the call faster by
visualizing details in each step
…
…
…
…
…
…
1)
2)
xyz
3)

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Visual IVR
1) Call screen prompting
– Complementing voice prompting
by visualizing the alternatives
– No need to redial or listen to the
message again if forgetting the
alternatives
3) Time interval for call back
– Enabling callers who are busy to be reached at
breaks etc when they are available
2) Visual position in queue
– No need to listen to (annoying)
music and repeated messages,
instead allowing callers to focus on
other things while waiting
Please select one of
following:
1. New appointment
2. Consultation
3. Vaccination
4. Prescription
Verified by Operator
the following:
1. Wait in the queue
2. Call me back when
it is my turn
3. Call me back at
my preferred time
 Verified by Operator
Please select a
suitable time to be
called back:
09:30-09:45
09:45-10:00
10:00-10:15
10:15-10:30
10:30-10:45
Your number in the
queue is:
15
Estimated time left:
7 min
Thank you! We will
call you between
10:00 and 10:15.
You may hang up
now.

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Customized call menus and forms
S
g
IMS
S
g
PBX & IT
system
2a. Announcement with IVR alternatives
1. VoNR + Data Channel call to an insurance company
2b. A visual menu with the IVR alternatives also sent to the UE
following:
1. New insurance
2. Insurance claim
3. Customer care
4. …
Voice prompting complemented with a web
menu for improved experience and fewer
mistakes
6. Ringing
5. A complete set of information sent back to the insurance company
3. “Insurance claim” is selected
4. A web form for detailed information sent to the UE
Please fill in the
following info:
1. Insurance number
2. Type of claim
3. Date and time
4. Description
5. Upload picture

The caller starts the time-consuming task to fill out the form
VoNR voice call
Web communication via the IMS data channel
Time saved for
insurance
claim
7. VoNR call answered by the agent
=
Time saved for the agent by not having to
request and wait for mandatory information
during the call
Enterprise customer
CSP

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Advertisements and public service
information
● Marketing channel via CSPs
– Advertisements and public service information presented
in streaming video clips or with pictures when calling
1) While waiting in a queue (C2B)
– When calling enterprises, authorities, and health care
providers etc
2) Before connecting the called party (C2C)
– For low-end subscriptions that are partly or fully
financed by advertisements
● Must watch before connecting the call
$
20% discount on Sofas
in September

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Triage – Medical prioritization
● Medical monitoring peripherals relaying measurements data in calls to emergency call
centers and health care providers
– Aiding responders to decide medical urgency and priority
● Heart rate/variability, blood pressure, respiratory rate, body temperature, blood oxygen level, blood glycose level
etc.
Blood pressure:
130/88
Heart rate: 78

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Interactive ringing (B2C) – Branded Calling+
SIPCallInfowith“morebutton”forinteractivemenus
1) Packet delivery service
– Carriers save time and cost from increased
answering rate and from knowing how
and where to deliver packages
– Carriers and receivers don’t have to spend
time on calls
2) Priority message service
– Alerting receivers about a new message with a
ringtone instead of the normal message alert signal
● Faster response and higher response ratio
– Less effort for reaching individual and groups of
users
“Delivery Company”
A package will be
delivered to you shortly.
Press for options
or answer the call
“Delivery
Company”
How shall we deliver
the package?
1. I am home and
waiting for you
2. Leave it on the
porch
3. Keep it. I will fetch
it at your location
Thank you! We will
leave the package on
your front porch. You
may hang up now.
Have a nice day!
This is priority
message from
“Your Local Dentist”
Press to read the
message or reject
the call
“Your Local Dentist”
We have a cancelation
at 08.30 today. We can
offer this slot for you.
Can you make it here in
time?
1. Yes! See you at
08:30.
2. No! I’m sorry, I can’t
make it.
“Your Local
Dentist”
Thank you! We have
now reserved the
08:30 slot for you.
Have a nice day!
How shall we deliver the
package?
1. I am home and
waiting for you
2. Leave it on the porch
3. Keep it. I will fetch it at
your location

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Screen sharing
1) Visual guidance in customer
service calls (C2B)
– Showing the call log if complains
about an expensive bill
– Showing device settings for a
requested feature
2) Contract sharing and
signing (B2C)
– Increasing hit rate in sales calls
by signing in the call instead of
after
3) C2C screen sharing
– Photo album sharing
– Co-working/browsing

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Transcription

Abc
Speech to text AI
[Transcription]:
Hi grandpa, nice to
speak to you again!
It was a long time
ago…
[Transcription]:
Hi grandpa, nice to
speak to you again!
It was a long time
ago…
Abc Abc
● For hearing impaired or when calling in
noisy environments
1) Text on black/white screen
2) Text on video (higher radio capacity
need)

Noise reduction AI

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Translation

Abc
Abc 
Xyz
Xyz 
Language translation AI
Speech to text AI Text to speech AI
[Transcription]:
Hi Sarah, nice to
speak to you again!
It was a long time
ago…
[Translation]:
Hola Sara, ¡un placer
hablar contigo de
nuevo! Fue hace
mucho tiempo…
[Translation]:
Hola Sara, ¡un placer
hablar contigo de
nuevo! Fue hace
mucho tiempo…
[Transcription]:
Hi Sarah, nice to
speak to you again!
It was a long time
ago…
Abc (+ Xyz) (Abc+) Xyz
● For international business calls and tourists
etc
1) Translated text on black/white screen
2) Translated text on video
3) Translated audio and text on black/white
screen
4) Translated audio and text on video
Abc Xyz

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Call summarizer
● Automated meeting notes
– Well structured format, efficient project
management, avoiding misinterpretations and
conflicts, etc.
● Calls transcribed and stored in approval
with both parties of the call
– Highly compressed storing in secure CSP cloud
environment (1:500 vs audio)
● Call summary retrieved from the UE call-log
– Description of the call, topics discussed, decisions
taken, and assigned action points presented using a
large language model (LLM)
– Full conversation transcript and search function with
support for advanced questions about the call
Question
What did Bob say about … ?
Answer
Bob said … !
Call with Bob
Description
Alice and Bob discussed their different visions
for the project and agree to prioritize features
that enhance the user experience.
Topics
Decisions
Action points
Search
Project
direction
Different
versions
User
experience
Strike a balance between user experience and
features
Prioritize features that enhance user
experience
Identify features that enhance user
experience
Adjust project to prioritize user
experience
Enter a question about the
call
As
k
Conversation
transcript

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Post call polls
● Rating quality of customer service calls at
the end of or after the calls
– No need to text or call the customer after the call
– Higher response ratio compared to if sending a text
message after the call
How satisfied were
you with the
service ?
Additional
comments:
Send

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Fun calling
● Celebrity calls
– Replace your face with the
face of your favorite celebrity
in a video call
● Fun calls
– Add a red nose or bunny
ears etc to your face in a
video call
● Avatar calls
– Use an animated and dynamic
graphical representation of you
based on your physical
characters in a video call
Celebrity call Fun call Avatar call

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XR/VR calling
● VR collaboration requires voice
communication
– VR sessions starting naturally from a voice call
● Global connectivity
– Development partners, customers, vendors, and
gamers etc reaching each other through the global
IMS E.164 address space
● Real-time QoS flow
– Equal access to QoS for both voice and data
adhering to Net Neutrality regulations
VR
collaboration
Voice
Data (VR)
Site 1
Site 3
Site 2
VR

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XR/Holographic calling
● Enhanced experience in service calls and
meetings
1. A holographic view of a service representative added to
a normal voice call
2. Meeting participants joining remotely with their
holographic representations at a table in a virtual room
● Hologram viewed either on a smartphone, or
a tethered, or a non-tethered VR headset
– Holograms on smartphones may use the front camera
view as the background
5G 5G 5G
Hologram displayed
on a smartphone
screen
Front camera providing
the background to the
hologram

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Automotive service and insurance
calls
● Visual guidance via the information display
– Where to find information in the manual or where and
how to replace a fuse etc.
– Instant analysis and response to automatically uploaded
fault and status codes
– Pointing out the nearest service station on a map or
ordering towing to the vehicle’s exact location
● Convenient scheduling of service
appointments
– Service representative or AI-bot suggesting time and
location for service at preferred brand workshops
● Fast and correct processing of insurance claims
– Recent and historical driver pattern records uploaded
Fault/status codes

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Values and SW value packages

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Why CSP provided Interactive Calling and not
OTT ?
1. New revenues that otherwise will be lost to OTTs and OEMs
– Take back control and monetize service evolution
2. Opex reductions in support, sales, and R&A
– Increase internal efficiency and grow market share with the new services
3. Higher security for end-user services
– CSP certified services and encrypted communication reducing risk for fraud and bad publicity
4. Prioritized QoS for new real-time sensitive services
– Offering high performance equally to the public for complying with Net Neutrality regulations
5. Global reach
– Leveraging the global IMS E.164 address space, not limit to specific OTT communities

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Interactive calling
values
2
3
4
5
6
1
Revenue
Opex
API access fees
New premium C2B services
New premium C2C services
Improved customer support
Efficient sales calls
Reduced churn
Visual guidance, visual IVR,
forms & file upload,
advertisements, …
Translation, transcription, call
summarizer, screen sharing, avatar/VR
calling, …
Flat or
transaction/capacity-based
fees, revenue share, …
Higher efficiency with visual guidance
(more calls per agent, increased quality in
answers)
Increased hit rate with in-call
contract sharing and signing
Increased
competitiveness, reduced
R&A

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SBC
SBC
DCSF/ASF
d
HSS
s
d
PCF
s
AMF
s
SMF
B
gNB
G
UPF
G
AGw
s
P-CSCF
s
MTAS
s
IBCF
Value
packages
c
UE
DC
client
G
TrGW
Remote
network
&
DC client
DCAS
s
NEF
s
CSCF
s
G
WS
s
SF
DC1
DC4
ISC
Mp/DC2
MDC1
Sh/N71
Cx/N70
MDC3 MDC2
DC3
N72/Sc
N7 Rx/N5
N2
N11
N4
Mb
Mw
N3 Izi
Ici
Mb
N1
N33
G
MRF
MF
Mb
Mw
VP name Number Produc
t
NF Release date
Interactive
Calling
FAJ 801 2261
vSBC
-SBG
-BGF
P-CSCF, IBCF,
AGW, TrGW
2024 10 (vSBC 2.32)
Interactive
Calling
FAJ 801 2259 vCSCF I/S/E-CSCF 2024 10 (vCSCF 1.30)
Interactive
Calling
TBD vMTAS
MMTel-AS,
ST-AS, VUC,
MRFC, (DCSF)
TBD
Interactive
Calling
TBD vMRF MF, MRFP TBD

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Usage (# calls or subs.)
CSP monetization
value ($)
Value-usage
analysis Advertisements
Time for call back
Interactive ringing
Contract sharing and signing
C2C screen sharing
Visual guidance
Visual position in queue
Visual IVR
In-call gaming
Holographic calling
Triage (medical prioritization)
Translation (speech to text)
Call summarizer
Avatar calling
Conversational AI
Remote ambulance
Remote drone operation
Fun calling
VR calling
Automotive service calls
Post call polls
Customized menus and forms
Transcription
Translation (speech to speech)
Sign language translation
High value but low volume
High value and high volume
Low value and low volume
Low value but high volume

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Network and UE architecture

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DCAS
DCAS
DCSF
d
HSS
s
d
PCF
N7 Rx/N5
s
AMF
s
SMF
N2
DC1
N11
N4
DC4*
ISC
SIP (Gm)
DC2
MDC1**
Bootstrap media
Mb
Mw
N3
N1
DC appl. data
Sh/N71
B
gNB
G
UPF
G
AGw
s
P-CSCF
Izi
Ici
Cx/N70
s
MTAS
Mb
MDC3** MDC2**
Iq
s
IBCF
Network architecture
*) To be standardized in 3GPP Rel-19
**) Not part of 3GPP specification
N33
DC3*
N72/Sc
c
UE
DC
client
G
TrGW
Remote
network
&
DC client
G
MRF/
MF
s
NEF
Legend
New NF/AS
New functionality
s
CSCF
s
SF
DCAS
s
G
WS
Mw
Ix
Data Channel Signaling Function (DCSF)
Data Channel Application Server (DCAS)

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Device components and protocol stack
3GPPTS26.114
Speaker
Display
Synchronization
Audio decoder
Video decoder
Text
Audio encoder
Video encoder
Text
Activation
Packet-based
network
interface
3GPP
L2
Microphone
Camera
Keyboard
Session setup and control
User
interface
Data channel
Web
page
Script
Data channel
Payload formats
Conversational Multimedia Application
Speech Video Text
RTCP
Data
channel
SCTP
DTLS
RTP
UDP
IP
Web
page
Script
Browsified native
dialer in
smartphones
DTLS
Encrypted
communication

| 2024-11-29 | Page 34
c
UE
DC
client
DCSF
Consumer bootstrap media
N1/N3/Mb
Iq
Network architecture, Ph 1
PoCdemosincustomerlabNWs
d
HSS
(DC1)
(DC4)
ISC
(DC2)
(MDC1)
Mw
Sh/N71
N1
Cx/N70
Mb
(MDC3) (MDC2)
N33
(DC3)
N72/Sc
DCAS
s
NEF
s
SF
Iq
s
IMS AS
s
CSCF
Mw
PBX
REST
Web Socket
DC PoC Server (DCS) in Azure
Enterprise bootstrap media
Automatic landing page (ALP)
s
G
WS
SIP
Media interface
Control interface
Data channel application data
c
UE
DC
client
c
UE
DC
client
G
MF
Commercial IMS DC SW
DC PoC SW
PC DC
client
G
AGw
s
P-CSCF
G
AGw
s
G
PBX
s
DC PBX
GW
+ ICE lite (STUN endpoint)
+ DTLS
+ Multiple m-lines per
session for DC
+ DC network capability
detection
+ DC support indication
+ Rx QoS hint
s
P-CSCF
Lab NW

| 2024-11-29 | Page 35
MTAS
d
HSS
ISC
SIP
Mp(DC) MDC1
DC bootstrap media
Mw
N1/N3/Mb
DC appl. media
Sh/N71
s
P-CSCF
Cx/N70
Mb
Iq
OwncommercialC2Bweb-onlyusecases
c
UE
DC
client
s
CSCF
Mw
Ix
d
HSS
ISC
Mw
Sh/N71
Cx/N70
s
MTAS
s
CSCF
Terminating IMS
Originating IMS
s
IMSAS
S
SF
s
MRFC
DC bootstrap media
SIP
Media interface
Control interface
DC application media
Commercial IMS DC SW
Legacy SW
Enterprise customer NW
Izi
Ici
MDC3
G
TrGW
s
IBCF
PC DC
client
G
AGw
• ICE lite (STUN endpoint)
• DTLS
• Multiple m-lines per session
for DC
• DC network capability
detection
• DC support indication
• Rx QoS hint
• DC media policing
+ Interconnect security
+ Accounting
+ LI
+ Integrated DCSF (for C2B UCs)
+ Standard web servers
+ DC bootstrap
+ Mp with DC containers
+ Charging for DC media
+ LI (ST-AS)
+ HTTP/UDP proxy
+ Mp with DC containers
+ MDC1/MDC3-interface
+ LI (MRF/MF)
s
G
PBX
MRF
G
MRFP
MF
s
G
WS
s
G
WS

| 2024-11-29 | Page 36
DCSF
d
HSS
DC1
DC4*
ISC
SIP (Gm)
DC2
MDC1**
DC bootstrap media
Mw
N1/N3/Mb
DC appl. media
Sh/N71
G
AGw
s
P-CSCF
Izi
Ici
Cx/N70
s
MTAS
Mb
MDC3** MDC2**
Iq
s
IBCF
& 4
OwncommercialC2B/C2C/B2Cusecases
*) To be standardized in 3GPP Rel-19
**) Not part of 3GPP specification
N33
DC3*
N72/Sc
c
UE
DC
client
G
TrGW
Remote
network
&
DC client
G
MRF/
MF
s
NEF
Legend
New NF/AS
New functionality
s
CSCF
s
SF
DCAS
s
G
WS
Mw
Ix

| 2024-11-29 | Page 37
C2C call flow example
S
IMS
MMTel
D
DC
AR
S
DC
Server
Invite B
ICSI:MMtel;data
SDP:MMTEL+ Data Channel
Operator DC: JS for user A (Application menu)
UE
A
Data
channel
server
Data
channel
application
repository
UE
B
Offline
procedures
6
4
3
1
5
2
3GPP TS 26.114
Operator DC: JS for user B
(Application menu)
Invite B
ICSI:MMtel;data
SDP:MMTEL + Data Channel
Gaming DC: A<->B
Voice channel
Operator DC: JS for user A (Selected game)
Re-Invite B
ICSI:MMtel;data
SDP:MMTEL + GameDC
Operator DC: JS for user B
(selected game by A)
Re-Invite B
ICSI:MMtel;data
SDP:MMTEL + GameDC

| 2024-11-29 | Page 38
Security and trust

| 2024-11-29 | Page 39
Security aspects
● Risks with running in-call java scripts
– Same risks as for browsing web pages but with the
difference that users might not need to consent
– May be malicious and cause damage to the device and
services or display inappropriate content etc.
● Mitigation options
1) UE sandbox implementation to restrict in-call apps to
access system files and other apps etc.
2) Certification of in-call apps offered by the own network
3) Policing DC media from external ASs
4) Policing in-call apps and DC media from partner CSPs
5) Certificates that identify ASs and/or end-points
.js
1
DCSF
AS
BGw BGw
DCSF
AS
2
4
CSP 1 CSP 2
Enterprise 1
AS
MF
3
UE
5
5
5
5
UE
5
AS
5
MF
Enterprise 2

| 2024-11-29 | Page 40
Standardization

| 2024-11-29 | Page 41
3GPP release plan
IMS Data Channel items for 3GPP Rel-19
• DC3-interface for exposure with DCAS
• DC4-interface for service requests to DCAS for
application media over MDC2
• Charging
• Lawful interception
• Interconnect and security
• Supplementary services
• Interactive ringing (pre-call)
• Roaming
• WiFi Calling

| 2024-11-29 | Page 42
Commercialization plan

| 2024-11-29 | Page 43
Commercializationplan– InteractiveCalling,akaIMSData
Channel2024
Q4
Q3
2025 202x 202y
Q4
Q3
Q2
Q1 Q4
Q3
Q2
Q1 Q4
Q2
Q1 Q3
1. 3GPP
3. Development and offering
IMS core Ph 1
SBC & CSCF ready for PoCs and
multivendor deployments (China)
Interactive Calling Value
Packages from October 2024
2. GSMA/OEM
Security/trust for OEM acceptance
(TS.75)
Apple !
Enterprise framework/APIs for C2B UCs - IT
syst./PBXs
Neutral repository for international
UCs/Translation
TS.66 v1.0
Q2
Rel-19 stage 2 Rel-19 stage 3
LI for regulatory acceptance ! 3GPP ready for commercial implementations
Q1
Decision for R&D investment
Candidate - Pending business decision for MTAS & MRF/MF
1) LI solution agreed in 3GPP
2) Commitment from OEMs
3) Commitment from customers
C2B web only
Web menus, visual IVR, forms and file upload, advertisements,
document/contract sharing, near real-time screen sharing etc
Ph 2
Checkpoint
Transcription, translation, automatic meeting
notes, gaming, C2C screen/picture sharing etc
C2C/B2C and
audio
Ph 3
Checkpoint
Video/XR
Avatar calling, visual AI agent/BOT,
virtual background, sign-language
translation, VR calling, holographic
calling etc
Ph 4

| 2024-11-29 | Page 44
Summary and conclusion

| 2024-11-29 | Page 45
Summary and conclusion
● Standardization is not yet complete. Key missing items expected to be handled in 3GPP Rel-19
which has stage 3 freeze in September 2025. Ericsson is contributing to all relevant areas.
● The Chinese version of IMS DC/5GNC is not standardized (at all) which makes it hard for
vendors outside China to implement. There are also deviations from 3GPP Rel-18/19 (security,
architecture..).
● Apple has brought up concerns about security and trust when downloading java scripts that
they have not certified. A GSMA study (TS.75) has been initiated to identify issues and
solutions.
● Ericsson supports IMS DC in the SBC and CSCF from October 2024. Support in MTAS and
MRF/MF is pending business decision (mainly support from the global OEM
community/Apple).
● Significant development efforts required – Phasing needed! Priority will be on supporting the
most profitable use cases first to manage the workload while still ensuring the success for

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