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Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, 1956 to 2023
In 2023, spending by federal, state, and local governments for transportation and water infrastructure totaled $626 billion. This slide deck updates information that CBO released in 2018.
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Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, 1956 to 2023
- 1. Public Spending onTransportation and Water Infrastructure, 1956 to 2023 February 2025 This publication updates the exhibits in CBO’s report Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, 1956 to 2017 (October 2018), www.cbo.gov/publication/54539.
- 2. 1 Public Spending onTransportation and Water Infrastructure
- 3. 2 Billions of 2023dollars Transportation Water 41 173 4 14 50 95 249 Water resourcesc Water utilitiesb Raila Water transportation Aviation Mass transit Highways 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Data source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau. See www.cbo.gov/publication/60874#data. a. States and localities do not report expenditures on freight rail. They report expenditures on passenger (commuter) rail as spending on mass transit. b. Includes water supply and wastewater treatment facilities. c. Includes water containment systems (dams, levees, reservoirs, and watersheds) and sources of fresh water (lakes and rivers). Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, 2023
- 4. 3 Billions of 2023dollars Based on infrastructure-specific price indexesa Based on the GDP price indexb 626 626 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 2023 2013 2003 1993 1983 1973 1963 Data source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget, the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. See www.cbo.gov/publication/60874#data. GDP = gross domestic product. a. Those price indexes for government spending measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build, operate, and maintain transportation and water infrastructure. b. That price index measures the prices of goods and services that make up the nation’s GDP. Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure Under Alternative Adjustments for Inflation, 1956 to 2023
- 5. 4 Percent 2.3 0 1 2 3 4 2023 2013 2003 1993 1983 1973 1963 Data source: CongressionalBudget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget, the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. See www.cbo.gov/publication/60874#data. GDP = gross domestic product. Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure as a Share of GDP, 1956 to 2023
- 6. 5 $271 billion Capital $355 billion Operationand maintenance State and local governments: $187 billion (69%) Federal government: $84 billion (31%) State and local governments: $307 billion (87%) Federal government: $48 billion (13%) Data source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau. See www.cbo.gov/publication/60874#data. The Federal Government’s and State and Local Governments’ Shares of Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Category of Spending, 2023
- 7. 6 Billions of 2023dollars Operation and maintenanceb Capitala 271 355 0 100 200 300 400 2023 2013 2003 1993 1983 1973 1963 Data source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget, the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. See www.cbo.gov/publication/60874#data. a. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build transportation and water infrastructure. b. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of goods and services consumed by governments, including materials and other inputs used to operate and maintain transportation and water infrastructure. Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Category of Spending, 1956 to 2023
- 8. 7 $132 billion Federal government $494billion State and local governments Operation and maintenance: $48 billion (36%) Operation and maintenance: $307 billion (62%) Capital: $84 billion (64%) Capital: $187 billion (38%) Data source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau. See www.cbo.gov/publication/60874#data. Shares of Public Spending for Capital and for the Operation and Maintenance of Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Level of Government, 2023
- 9. 8 Billions of 2023dollars 132 494 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 2023 2013 2003 1993 1983 1973 1963 State and local governments Federal government Data source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget, the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. See www.cbo.gov/publication/60874#data. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build, operate, and maintain transportation and water infrastructure. Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Level of Government, 1956 to 2023
- 10. 9 Federal Spending onTransportation and Water Infrastructure
- 11. 10 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 132 2.2 2023 2013 2003 1993 1983 1973 1963 2023 2013 2003 1993 1983 1973 1963 Billions of2023 dollars Percentage of total federal spending Data source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau. See www.cbo.gov/publication/60874#data. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build, operate, and maintain transportation and water infrastructure. Federal Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, 1956 to 2023
- 12. 11 Percent 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Highways Mass transitand rail Aviation Water transportationa Water resourcesa,b Water utilitiesc 43 21 17 5 10 5 2023 2013 2003 1993 1983 1973 1963 2023 2013 2003 1993 1983 1973 1963 2023 2013 2003 1993 1983 1973 1963 Data source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau. See www.cbo.gov/publication/60874#data. a. Outlays for navigation by the Army Corps of Engineers are included in water resources rather than in water transportation. b. Includes water containment systems (dams, levees, reservoirs, and watersheds) and sources of fresh water (lakes and rivers). c. Includes water supply and wastewater treatment facilities. Federal Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Type of Infrastructure, 1956 to 2023
- 13. 12 Billions of 2023dollars 84 48 0 40 80 120 160 2023 2013 2003 1993 1983 1973 1963 Operation and maintenanceb Capitala Data source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget, the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. See www.cbo.gov/publication/60874#data. a. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build transportation and water infrastructure. b. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of goods and services consumed by governments, including materials and other inputs used to operate and maintain transportation and water infrastructure. Federal Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Category of Spending, 1956 to 2023
- 14. 13 State and LocalSpending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure
- 15. 14 Billions of 2023dollars 494 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 2023 2013 2003 1993 1983 1973 1963 Data source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau. See www.cbo.gov/publication/60874#data. State and local spending is net of federal grants. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build, operate, and maintain transportation and water infrastructure. State and Local Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, 1956 to 2023
- 16. 15 Percent 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Highways Mass transitand rail Aviation Water transportation Water resourcesa Water utilitiesb 39 15 6 2 6 34 2023 2013 2003 1993 1983 1973 1963 2023 2013 2003 1993 1983 1973 1963 2023 2013 2003 1993 1983 1973 1963 Data source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau. See www.cbo.gov/publication/60874#data. State and local spending is net of federal grants. a. Includes water containment systems (dams, levees, reservoirs, and watersheds) and sources of fresh water (lakes and rivers). b. Includes water supply and wastewater treatment facilities. State and Local Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Type of Infrastructure, 1956 to 2023
- 17. 16 Billions of 2023dollars Operation and maintenanceb Capitala 187 307 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 2023 2013 2003 1993 1983 1973 1963 Data source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget, the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. See www.cbo.gov/publication/60874#data. State and local spending is net of federal grants. a. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build transportation and water infrastructure. b. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of goods and services consumed by governments, including materials and other inputs used to operate and maintain transportation and water infrastructure. State and Local Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Category of Spending, 1956 to 2023
- 18. 17 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 28 74 187 2023 2013 2003 1993 1983 1973 1963 2023 2013 2003 1993 1983 1973 1963 By sourcePercentage of state and local capital spending funded by federal grants State and local revenues Federal grants Billions of 2023 dollars Percent Data source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau. See www.cbo.gov/publication/60874#data. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build transportation and water infrastructure. State and Local Capital Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, 1956 to 2023
- 19. 18 Public Spending onTransportation and Water Infrastructure, by Type of Infrastructure
- 20. 19 Percent 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Highways Mass transitand rail Aviation Water transportation Water resourcesa Water utilitiesb 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.6 2023 2013 2003 1993 1983 1973 1963 2023 2013 2003 1993 1983 1973 1963 2023 2013 2003 1993 1983 1973 1963 Data source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget, the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. See www.cbo.gov/publication/60874#data. GDP = gross domestic product. a. Includes water containment systems (dams, levees, reservoirs, and watersheds) and sources of fresh water (lakes and rivers). b. Includes water supply and wastewater treatment facilities. Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure as a Share of GDP, by Type of Infrastructure, 1956 to 2023
- 21. 20 Water transportation Water resourcesb Aviation Masstransit and rail Water utilitiesa Highways 0 100 200 300 Billions of 2023 dollars Operation and maintenance Capital 58% 34% 66% 65% 35% 35% 65% 69% 71% 29% 31% 42% Data source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau. See www.cbo.gov/publication/60874#data. a. Includes water supply and wastewater treatment facilities. b. Includes water containment systems (dams, levees, reservoirs, and watersheds) and sources of fresh water (lakes and rivers). Public Spending for Capital and for the Operation and Maintenance of Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Type of Infrastructure, 2023
- 22. 21 Billions of 2023dollars 0 45 90 135 180 0 45 90 135 180 0 45 90 135 180 0 45 90 135 180 0 45 90 135 180 0 45 90 135 180 Highways Mass transit and rail Aviation Water transportation Water resourcesc Water utilitiesd 144 106 34 65 17 32 4 10 13 28 59 114 2023 2013 2003 1993 1983 1973 1963 2023 2013 2003 1993 1983 1973 1963 2023 2013 2003 1993 1983 1973 1963 Operation and maintenanceb Capitala Data source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget, the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. See www.cbo.gov/publication/60874#data. a. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build transportation and water infrastructure. b. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of goods and services consumed by governments, including materials and other inputs used to operate and maintain transportation and water infrastructure. c. Includes water containment systems (dams, levees, reservoirs, and watersheds) and sources of fresh water (lakes and rivers). d. Includes water supply and wastewater treatment facilities. Public Spending for Capital and for the Operation and Maintenance of Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Type of Infrastructure, 1956 to 2023
- 23. 22 Water transportationc Water resourcesb,c Aviation Masstransit and rail Water utilitiesa Highways 0 100 200 300 Billions of 2023 dollars 23% 4% 96% 72% 28% 44% 56% 69% 52% 48% 31% 77% ■■ State and local governments ■■Federal government Data source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget and the Census Bureau. See www.cbo.gov/publication/60874#data. a. Includes water supply and wastewater treatment facilities. b. Includes water containment systems (dams, levees, reservoirs, and watersheds) and sources of fresh water (lakes and rivers). c. Outlays for navigation by the Army Corps of Engineers are included in water resources rather than in water transportation. Shares of Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Level of Government and Type of Infrastructure, 2023
- 24. 23 Billions of 2023dollars 0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 Highways Mass transit and rail Aviation Water transportationa Water resourcesa,b Water utilitiesc 56 193 28 72 22 28 7 7 13 28 7 166 2023 2013 2003 1993 1983 1973 1963 2023 2013 2003 1993 1983 1973 1963 2023 2013 2003 1993 1983 1973 1963 State and local governments Federal government Data source: Congressional Budget Office, using data from the Office of Management and Budget, the Census Bureau, and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. See www.cbo.gov/publication/60874#data. Dollar amounts are adjusted to remove the effects of inflation using price indexes for government spending that measure the prices of materials and other inputs used to build, operate, and maintain transportation and water infrastructure. a. Outlays for navigation by the Army Corps of Engineers are included in water resources rather than in water transportation. b. Includes water containment systems (dams, levees, reservoirs, and watersheds) and sources of fresh water (lakes and rivers). c. Includes water supply and wastewater treatment facilities. Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, by Level of Government and Type of Infrastructure, 1956 to 2023
- 25. 24 The Congressional BudgetOffice updated this material using the methods that were described in an appendix to a 2010 report and modified by changes described in an appendix to a 2015 report. See Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure (November 2010), www.cbo.gov/publication/21902, and Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, 1956 to 2014 (March 2015), www.cbo.gov/publication/49910. Specifically, CBO obtained data about federal outlays from the Office of Management and Budget and about state and local governments’ outlays from the Census Bureau. CBO then converted those nominal (current-dollar) data into real (inflation-adjusted) data, using two sets of price indexes created by the Bureau of Economic Analysis that track government expenditures and investment. One set measures the prices of materials and other inputs used by state and local governments to build transportation and water infrastructure and was applied to nominal capital spending to convert it into constant dollars; the other set measures the prices of materials and other inputs used to operate and maintain that infrastructure and was applied to spending for operation and maintenance. How Did CBO Prepare This Update?
- 26. 25 All years referredto are federal fiscal years, which run from October 1 to September 30 and are designated by the calendar year in which they end. Numbers in the figures may not add up to totals because of rounding. Detailed spending tables are available as a supplement to this publication at www.cbo.gov/publication/60874. Nathan Musick prepared this publication with guidance from Joseph Kile. Jeffrey Kling reviewed it, Caitlin Verboon edited it, and Jorge Salazar created the graphics. Notes and Acknowledgments