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Non-Terrestrial Networks and 3GPP Standards from 5G to 6G

The document outlines the evolution from 5G to 6G, focusing on the development of 3GPP standards and the integration of satellite technology into mobile networks. It highlights key architectural principles, performance measures, and the goals of creating sustainable and intelligent mobile networks that support new services. The current progress in standardization, including the challenges and opportunities associated with non-terrestrial networks, is also discussed.

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| 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 1 NTN and 3GPP Standards from 5G to 6G Gino Masini, MBA Principal Researcher – Standardization Ericsson AB – Standards and Technologies Stockholm, Sweden
| 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 2 Summary ● 5G and standards ● 3GPP today ● The journey of satellites toward 3GPP ● Where we are today: Rel-19 in progress ● Some lessons we learned ● Towards 6G
| 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 3 5G and Standards ● 5G From scenarios and requirements to specifications ● NG-RAN architecture today ● 5G Advanced
Scenariosfor5G High Throughput – High Reliability – Reduced/No Latency – Service Based
Requirements fromITU(IMT-2020) Requirement Performance Measure DL: 20 Gbps UL: 10 Gbps Peak data rate DL: 30 bps/Hz UL: 15 bps/Hz Peak spectral efficiency 100 MHz Bandwidth 20 ms (10 ms encouraged) Control plane latency URLLC: 1/0.5 ms, eMBB: 4 ms User plane latency, 1-way 10s / 20byte packet Infrequent small packets 0 ms Mobility interruption time Up to 500 km/h Mobility 3x IMT-A requirement TRP spectral efficiency 3x IMT-A requirement User spectral efficiency at 5% percentile 10 Mbps/m2 [ITU] Area traffic capacity 100/50 Mbps DL/UL [ITU] User experienced datarate 140/143 dB loss MaxCL Extreme coverage (3GPP) Requirement Performance Measure 1,000,000 devices/km2 Connection density 164 dB coupling loss Coverage (3GPP) 10-15 yr Battery life (3GPP) 1-10-5 in 1 ms Reliability Inspection (Qualitative) NW energy efficiency Inspection (Qualitative) UE Energy efficiency Yes Inter-system mobility Yes Bandwidth scalability Yes Spectrum flexibility Yes Support of wide range of services Latency (4G → 5G): 20 → 1 ms Source: ITU-R Rep. M.2410-0
| 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 7 Access/backhaul integration Integrated D2D connectivity Massive beam-forming System control Flexible and scalable system plane Ultra-lean design User data Flexible, scalable and future-proof design Deployment Multi-site coordination/connectivity Flexible PHY Use cases Spectrum Energy efficient: minimize network transmissions not directly related to user data delivery Machine-type communication 5GinOneGlance
Challenges for5GArchitecture ● Support enhanced mobile broadband (“more of the same, but better and faster”) ● Support Ultra-Reliable, Low-Latency Communications (URLLC); ● A single architecture for centralized, distributed, and monolithic deployments – Embrace softwarization (the network becomes programmable) and virtualization (network nodes become software instances) – Support the deployment of certain functions in the cloud ● Fully separate Control Plane from User Plane of a centralized unit, for maximum deployment flexibility ● Cooperation and resource sharing with existing LTE networks ● Different migration strategies and “paths” from 4G to 5G ● Standardization Source: 3GPP TR 38.801
E1 gNB-DU gNB-CU-CP F1-C F1-U gNB gNB-CU-UP gNB-DU 5G: TheNG-RAN Architecture (“TheJanusBifronsandtheMatryoshka”) Source: 3GPP TS 38.300 and TS 38.401
| 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 10 Defining 5GAdvanced ● 5G Advanced builds on 5G and paves the way towards 6G. – 5G Advanced focuses on providing sustainable and intelligent mobile networks. – High performance networks will support new services and applications such as immersive reality and cloud gaming. Sustainable networks Intelligent RAN New services Performance
| 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 11 3GPP Today ● Why Standards ● Structure, ways of working, recent timeline ● Backwards-compatible framework
WhyStandards? — A good technical standard: — Ensures compatibility and interoperability — Promotes a broader market — Lowers industrial costs An early example of global technical standard (Pompeii, 1st century A.D.) Source:Wikipedia
Source: Q22024, EricssonMobility Report 13 Interworking andIntegration 3GPP track Mobile subscriptions by technology (billions) 5G subscriptions by end 2029
- Produces and maintains standards defining its technologies – GSM, UMTS, LTE, NR, … - Cellular telecommunications networks, including radio access, the core network, and service capabilities – Including codecs, security, and quality of service – Also provides “hooks” for: ● non-radio access to the core network ● Wi-Fi interworking - Work is contribution-driven and consensus-based – Majority-based decisions are the exception 14 What Is3GPP? Source: www.3gpp.org
• Organizational Partners transpose 3GPP Technical Specifications into standards • Market Representation Partners (MRPs) can offer market advice and a consensus view of market requirements • MRPs do not define, publish or set standards 15 3GPP Partners Source: www.3gpp.org
| 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 16 3GPP Structure TSG CT Core Network & Terminals TSG RAN Radio Access Network TSG SA Service & System Aspects CT WG1 User Equipment to Core Network protocols CT WG3 Interworking with External Networks & Policy and Charging Control CT WG4 Core Network Protocols CT WG6 Smart Card Application Aspects RAN WG1 Radio Layer 1 (Physical layer) RAN WG2 Radio Layer 2 and Radio layer 3 Radio Resource Control RAN WG4 Radio Performance and Protocol Aspects RAN WG5 Mobile terminal conformance testing RAN AH1 ITU-R Ad Hoc SA WG1 Services SA WG2 System Architecture and Services SA WG4 Multimedia Codecs, Systems and Services SA WG5 Management, Orchestration and Charging SA WG6 Application Enablement and Critical Communication Applications Project Coordination Group (PCG) RAN WG3 RAN architecture and related network interfaces SA WG3 Security and Privacy • Work is organized in Study Items (SIs) and Work Items (WIs) • Study Items produce Technical Reports (TRs) • Work Items produce or modify Technical Standards (TSs) • Specifications are organized by series (topic) and by releases (self-consistent sets of features) • All documents are freely downloadable Source: www.3gpp.org/specifications-technologies
3GPP Timeline • From 4G advanced to 6G
Maintaining aBackwards-Compatible Framework Major focus for 3GPP is to make the system backwards and forwards compatible, for uninterrupted operation of user terminals – e.g. backwards compatibility between LTE and LTE-Advanced: an LTE-Advanced terminal can work in an LTE cell and vice versa
| 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 19 The Journey of Satellites toward 3GPP ● Global scenarios ● Why satellites? Why standardize? Why 3GPP? Why now? ● New challenges for architecture, mobility, procedures, … ● From studies to Rel-17/18
Satellites cancomplement terrestrial coverage Non-terrestrialnetworks(NTN)arerelevantformanyverticals • Connectivity in remote regions • Existing terrestrial users traveling into uncovered areas (adventurers, mountaineers, sailing, …) • Airborne, maritime, … • Connecting low-traffic railway lines in rural areas • Adding resilience to failover from TN • NTN can be integrated as a transport path in FRMCS • Resilience for public safety and national security in case of natural or man-made disasters impacting terrestrial networks Global Internet Railways Public safety Automotive • No new use NTN-specific cases identified for connected vehicles (5GAA) • Complementing terrestrial coverage gaps • Resilience when TN unavailable Consumer connectivity, industrial service continuity, and public safety are the key NTN use cases
| 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 21 GeneralOverview ofSatellite Systems
| 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 22 Why5GSatellite AccessStandardization? Why 5G satellite access? Why standardize 5G satellite access in 3GPP? Global coverage for 5G Open, global standard → interoperability, future-proofness, wide ecosystem Technology common with terrestrial cellular networks → economies of scale, cost reduction.
3GPP NTN standardization Objective: Integrate satellite access in mass-market chipsets for regular smartphones
5GNTN/TN Interoperability ● 3GPP has introduced enhancements for seamless interoperability between NTN and TN – Mobility support for NTNTN handovers for NR and LTE – Integration of NTN within 5G Core and 4G Core ● e.g., similar interworking models as in terrestrial ● Ericsson has also tested mobility support for 5G NTN
NewQuestions onArchitecture duetoNTN… ● How to apply the existing 3GPP framework to NTN? E.g.? – How to manage 3GPP network identifiers and moving cells due to LEO? – How to manage UE paging in NTN? – Role of Xn interface when NTNs are involved? – Is SON applicable in NTN? And between NTN and terrestrial networks?
…AndsomeChallenges toMobility… ● Mobility (including e.g. TN-NTN) – Large propagation delays, especially for GEO: RTT =~550 ms – Frequent HOs for LEO: satellite visibility time from a UE is in the order of minutes ● Propagation delay will interrupt data transmission by several RTTs before connections are established to target cell – Potentially large interruptions with existing HO mechanism ● Mobility enhancements have been introduced, e.g.: – Conditional Handover – …
Earth-Fixed Tracking Area forLEO In which cell to page the UE, is known to the network at Tracking Area (TA) level. ● A Tracking Area (TA) is defined as a cluster of cells configured by the operator. ● The UE informs the network on entering a TA where its location area registration is not valid ● The UE reads the Tracking Area Code (TAC) the cell belongs to, from the broadcasted System Info TA is fixed with respect to the Earth: if the cells sweep on the ground, the TAC broadcasted by the cell changes according to the covered region.
FeederLinkSwitch It may be necessary for another gNB to take over the served area (e.g. offloading traffic, planned maintenance, etc.); then the feeder link to the satellite needs to be switched – Both gNB1 and gNB2 serve the same area during the switch – For the switch to be seamless, it should allow for all UEs to be handed over
NTN in3GPP Rel-17/18(MainFeatures) ●Both LEO and GEO –HAPS and Air-To-Ground also supported ●Transparent payload architecture ●FDD is assumed but TDD not precluded for relevant scenarios (e.g. HAPS, ATG) ●Earth-fixed Tracking Area is assumed –Both Earth-fixed and Earth-moving cells ●Terminals with location capabilities are assumed
IoT/MTCandNTN ● Rel-17 Study on NB-IoT and LTE-M (aka eMTC) for satellites (completed in June 2021) – Objectives: ● Identify applicable scenarios ● Study and recommend necessary changes to support NB-IoT/eMTC over satellites ● Rel-17 WI: minimal scope, focusing on essential functionalities – eMTC and NB-IoT both included with equal priority – Only EPC connectivity was considered (i.e. initially 5GC connectivity was not in scope)
| 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 31 5GNTNand3GPP:breaking downthework SA2: System level •Mobility management with huge cell size •UE location and support of regulated service •QoS class for GEO satellite links •Impact of satellite backhauling CT1: Network protocols •PLMN (re)selection •NAS timers RAN1: Physical layer •Timing relationship •UL time and frequency synchronization •Enhancements on HARQ •Polarization signaling RAN2: Higher layers •User Plane: RACH aspects, Other MAC aspects (e.g. HARQ), RLC, PDCP •System information broadcast •Control Plane: Tracking Area Management, Idle/connected mode mobility, UE Location Service RAN3: Access network architecture •Network Identity handling •Registration Update and Paging Handling •Cell Relation Handling •Feeder Link Switch-Over (NGSO) •Aspects Related to Country- Specific Routing RAN4: RF & RRM performance •RF: New bands, TN/NTN coexistence, Satellite Access Node & NTN capable UE •RRM: timing compensation (idle, connected mode), GNSS accuracy
Satellite access architecture in3GPP Rel-17/18 Transparentpayload (Rel-17/18) ● Base station (gNB) on the ground ● Transparent (“bent pipe”) satellite payload: Radio interface terminated on the ground ● All network interfaces terminate on the ground
Transparent PayloadandFunctionalSystem ● Targeting both sub-6 GHz for mobile handheld and higher frequencies (e.g., Ka band) for devices with high antenna gains such as very small aperture terminal (VSAT) ● NTN-payload, feeder link, GW, and Non-NTN infrastructure gNB are considered as single entity Source: 3GPP TS 38.300
Transparent PayloadArchitecture (1) Source: 3GPP TR 38.821
Transparent PayloadArchitecture (2)–Control Plane Source: 3GPP TR 38.821
Transparent PayloadArchitecture (3)–User Plane Source: 3GPP TR 38.821
Satellite Spectrum and3GPP ● S-band (2-4 GHz) was the main focus for FR1 ● Higher frequencies were more complicated – Ka-band is not fully within the FR2 range: – 17.7-20.2 GHz and 27.5-30 GHz for NTN-NR in above 10 GHz bands – RAN “endorsed” at least a portion of the “Ka Band” as candidate example band – Further study was undertaken: ● Technical implications, co-existence, which part of the Ka-band to consider… ● New specifications: – TR 38.101-5: NR; UE Radio transmission and reception; Part 5: Satellite access RF and performance requirements – TS 38.108: NR; Satellite Node radio transmission and reception – TS 38.521-5: NR; UE conformance specification; Radio transmission and reception, Part 5: Satellite access RF and performance
| 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 38 Where We Are Today: Rel- 19 in Progress ● Unlocking new possibilities ● UE-satellite-UE communication ● Store & Forward
| 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 39 • 3GPP Rel-17: • 5G NR protocol stack supports non-terrestrial communication, including satellite communication • Doppler and time drift addressed • S- and L-band operationsupported • IoT NTN, including support for NB-IoT and LTE-M • 3GPP Rel-18: • VoNR connection can be providedfrom a LEO600/1200constellation to a regular smartphone. • Proof of concept from Ericsson collaboration with Thales and Qualcomm • Ka-bandsupport, enabling 3GPP-basedFSS • IoT NTN: S-bandand L-band support • 3GPP Rel-19: • Support for regenerative payload • IoT NTN: Store&Forward • UE-satellite-UE communication • Improved downlink coverage anduplinkcapacity • Ku-bandsupport Unlocking newpossibilities RTT @ beam center Time 0 s ~500 s 8 ms ~25 ms ~25.000 km/h dRTT/dt = ~65 ms/s θ>20º Time 0 s ~500 s -20 kHz +20 kHz S-band Doppler @ beam center 50 km Earth fixed beam
Satellite access architecture in3GPP Rel-19 Regenerativepayload (Rel-19) ● Base station (gNB) on the satellite ● Leverages existing inter-gNB interface (Xn) – Direct inter-satellite mobility – Dual Connectivity – Resource coordination – Load management – … ● Core network entities on the ground or on the satellite ● Prerequisite for store & forward operation – Core Network functions deployed on board ● Prerequisite for UE-satellite-UE communication Xn
Support forUE-Satellite-UE Communication Supports communication between UEs under the coverage of one or more serving satellites without the User Plane going through the ground network Xn
Store&Forward Architecture for IoTNTN (IoT NTN is based on E-UTRAN) ● Base station (eNB) on the satellite Store & Forward supports delay-tolerant/non- real-time services (IoT, MTC, SMS ● 2 cases: – MME-NT on board, MME-T on ground – Complete core network on board T3 T1 MME-T SGW HSS PGW PCRF S11 S5//S8 S6a DN SCEF SGi Gx MME-NT-2 MME-NT-1 RAN RAN MME-NT-1 RAN T2 CORE NETWORK Source: 3GPP TR 23.700-29
| 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 43 Some Lessons We Learned ● Payload architecture ● Synchronization ● Coverage, capacity, latency performance ● Sustainability
Satellite payload architecture Transparentpayload (Rel-17/18) + Proven technology + “Conventional” gNB - Does not scale well - Multiple D/A conversions
Satellite payload architecture Regenerativepayload (Rel-19) Xn + Improved Performance + Better Resiliency + Inter-satellite links + Unlocks New services - More complex satellite - More power-hungry - More expensive
5GNTNSynchronization UEpre-compensatesDelayandDopplerShift ● Solution: Give the UE all information it needs to compensate delay and Doppler shift! 1. UE determines its position (via GNSS) 2. UE receives satellite position in a broadcast from the NTN satellite 3. UE calculates the distance and derives the propagation delay 4. UE starts communicating with the satellite ● (At the same time, the UE also calculates relative velocity to compensate Doppler shift) All NTN UEs need to be able to determine their position! Network operation (almost) as in TN! All NTN UEs assumed to be equipped with GNSS chipsets
5GNTNSpectrum & Devices ● Rel-17: S-band & L-band (2 GHz & 1.6 GHz)  handheld devices ● With Rel-19, 3GPP operating bands are defined in practically all satellite spectrum below 3 GHz (close to 100 MHz in total)! ● Rel-18: Ka-band (20/30 GHz)  high-gain devices with directive antenna ● Rel-19: Ku-band (12/14 GHz) ● NTN is FDD (except for an ongoing NB-IoT WI to support a specific TDD band) Key characteristics: • Operating bands in spectrum which is allocated to satellites • NTN bands are separate from terrestrial bands | 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 48
Coverageperformance ● Coverage is a challenge in both UL and DL – Large freespace pathloss – Limited transmit power at satellite and UEs – Poor antenna gain for handheld UEs ● Rel-18 specified UL coverage enhancements – Repetitions for Msg4 HARQ-ACK (PUCCH) – DMRS bundling procedures to ensure phase coherence (PUSCH) – Other channels can survive using legacy coverage enhancement features ● Rel-19 discussing DL coverage enhancements – Beam hopping – Link-level repetitions DL Coverage Enhancements Accommodatesatellite payload constraintssuch as limited poweror feederlink BW Example techniques: - link level: repetitions - systemlevel: beam hopping
Capacityperformance ● NTN capacity/throughput performance is only a fraction of that of TN – Large cells, limited TX power, robust transmission to enhance coverage, etc. – Rel-19 specifying UL capacity enhancements ● Confirmed by various studies conducted under different assumptions… ● 3GPP – ~0.7 Mbps DL (median UE throughput) ● IMT2020 – 0.91 Mbps DL and 0.15 Mbps UL (user experienced data rate) – 11 Mbps DL and 2.67 Mbps UL (peak data rate) ● Ericsson internal study – 0.5 Mbps DL and 0.2 Mbps UL (median UE throughput) UL Capacity Enhancements Optimizeuplink capacity through multiplexingusersusing Orthogonal CoverCodes(OCC)
Latencyperformance ● End-to-end latency from UE to Core network measured on testbed ● Latency includes propagation, transmission, processing, queuing and other network-related delays ● ~3x increase in latency – 34 ms (TN) – 92 ms (NTN LEO@600 km) …One of the many lessons learned
| 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 52 Towards 6G ● Focus areas, capabilities, trends and scenarios ● RAN architectures in perspective ● The role of satellite access in 6G ● Timeline
| 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 53 6GFocus Areas Criticalcommunication– expandingonURLLC Immersivecommunication– expandingoneMBB Massivecommunication–expandingon mMTC Newserviceson 6Gplatform Communicationbeyond 5G & Further enhancedMBB Beyond-communication networks Sustainabilityand trustimperatives Efficient network operations Integrated sensing Immersive communication Integrated Compute & AI Critical communication Massive communication Global broadband communication 6G
| 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 54 6GCapabilities Network capacity Latency Coverage Energy performance Positioning & timing Data rates Privacy Service availability& resilience Network sensing Deployment flexibility Dependable compute/AI Service versatility Efficient, secure & sustainable solutions Device diversity Mobility Spectrum sharing Communication beyond MBB Beyond-communication networks Efficient network operation Further enhanced MBB
| 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 55 6Gdeployment scenarios ● During the initial 5G study, 12 deployment scenarios were agreed in 3GPP TR 38.913 ● For 6G, new scenarios are envisaged today: – Additional deployment scenarios include e.g., 3D coverage and extreme performance installations. ● New additional assumptions: – New technologies (e.g., D-MIMO), new services (e.g., sensing) and new spectrum may require revisiting the attributes for 5G deployment scenarios. – Impacted parameters are e.g., cell configurations, different BWs and different KPIs
Architectures inPerspectiveToward 6G(1) 3G: UTRAN Architecture Source: 3GPP TS 25.401 RNS RNC RNS RNC Core Network Node B Node B Node B Node B Iu Iu Iur Iub Iub Iub Iub UTRAN X 2 X 2 4G: E-UTRAN Architecture Source: 3GPP TS 36.300
E1 gNB-DU gNB-CU-CP F1-C F1-U gNB gNB-CU-UP gNB-DU 5G: NG-RAN Architecture Source: 3GPP TS 38.300 and TS 38.401 Architectures inPerspectiveToward 6G(2) → 6G Architecture: …?
| 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 58 Trends andScenarios forNTN towards6G(1) ● From proprietary NTN technologies to global standards, thanks to 3GPP involvement ● Direct connectivity to user terminals and IoT devices ● NTN and TN: from “interworking” to “integration” to “unified”? – Interworking: independently-designed elements – Integration: adding a satellite component to 5G – Unified: satellite and terrestrial components work together to address the same common requirements, with unified design principles in an optimum balance ● 5G NTN scenarios will be enhanced, e.g.: – Coverage extension to places not served by terrestrial networks ● Including e.g. emergency services, automotive, IoT – Capacity increase to already served locations
| 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 59 Trends andScenarios forNTN towards6G(2) ● NTN is expected to contribute to 6G for: – Improved service availability, deployment flexibility / scalability ● Thanks to coverage extension / “3D coverage” – Reduced latency ● Thanks to increased embarked edge computing capacity, storage capability – Improved network positioning and sensing capability ● Thanks to increased reach and visibility of satellites ● Innovation is expected to be needed in order to match “6G ambitions” for NTN
| 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 60 6GNTNIdeas (1)
| 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 61 6GNTNIdeas (2) ● Multi terminal types and usage conditions – Pedestrian, flying, maritime moving platforms, satellite-mounted, … ● Multi mission radio protocols – Even higher channel bandwidth flexibility, increased interference mitigation capability – High accuracy, trusted localization capabilities ● Multi-dimensional network infrastructure – 3D infrastructure: network nodes located on different space orbits – Regenerative payload with added storage, computational and routing resources ● Multi constraint RAN – e.g., spectrum reuse between non-terrestrial platforms at different orbits ● Unified with terrestrial network components – “Multi-connection” between TN and TN for seamless transitions of data connections
● NTN an integral part of 6G from the very beginning – Support including NTN in the baseline Rel-20 6G study item and the first normative work item in Rel-21 – MBB a priority (don’t mind catering to IoT in Rel-20if it doesn’timpedeMBBNTN work) ● Concept development underway for 6G NTN – GNSS-less operation of NTN devices in 6G ● Ongoing external R&D engagements in EU projects, testbeds, and academic collaborations – 6G NTN: Waveforms,Regenerativearchitecture, Coexistencein C/Q/Vbands – 6G Sky: CombinedAirspaceand NTN use cases, RAN functional split – Industrycooperation: Ericsson/Thales/QualcommPoC (on-groundLEO emulator),Airbusdemo(LEO) – Vinnova/Luleå Univ.: ResilientGNSS-freeNTN – ITU: IMT2020 satellitecomponent OurVisionon6GNTN 6G – True Unification 5G & 5G-Adv – Integration Terrestrial Networks Satellite Networks
3GPP Timeline ● From Rel-15, 5G is designedaround three main use cases: EnhancedMBB, Critical MTC and Massive MTC. – Support for selected verticals specifiedin later releases ● 5G Advancedstarted in Rel-18, remains in focus also in Rel-19/20 ● 6G studies in Rel-19/20; first 6G specifications in Rel-21 – This should support an initial 6G commercial release in 2030.
| 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 64 In Conclusion
InConclusion ● Current NTN use cases: – Mobile broadband in underserved areas, public safety, maritime, airplane, service continuity in case of crisis, … ● Interoperable interfaces to terminals and networks are in place – Including support for IoT, Machine-Type Communication ● Integration of NTN in 3GPP is possible thanks to continued open discussion – Different mindsets, different communities, lessons learned ● Work is ongoing on the path to 6G ● NTN is expected to be an integral part of the 6G ecosystem from the start
| 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 66 ● Euler S., Fu X., Hellsten S., Kefeder C., Liberg O., Medeiros E., Nordell E., Singh D., Synnergren P., Trojer E., Xirouchakis I. “Using 3GPP Technology for Satellite Communication”, Ericsson Technology Review, Jun. 2023. ● Masini G., “How we reached a common vision on the architecture for 5G non- terrestrial networks in 3GPP Rel-19”, https://www.ericsson.com/en/blog/2024/10/ntn-payload-architecture ● Vanelli-Coralli A., Chuberre N., Masini G., Guidotti A., El Jaafari M., 5G Non- Terrestrial Networks, Wiley, 2024. ● Masini G., Reininger P., El Jaafari M., Vesely A., Chuberre N., Baudry B., Houssin J.-M., “5G Meets Satellite: Non-Terrestrial Network Architecture and 3GPP”, Int J on Sat Comm Ntw, 2022;1-13. doi:10.1002/sat.1456. ● Alves H., Mikhaylov K., Hoyhtya M. (ed.), Integration of MTC and Satellites for IoT Toward 6G Era, Wiley, 2024. AdditionalResources –NTN,IoTNTN
| 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 67 ● Lin X., Lee N. (ed.), 5G and Beyond – Fundamentals and Standards, Springer, 2021. ● Sirotkin S. (ed.), 5G Radio Access Network Architecture – The Dark Side of 5G, Wiley, 2020. AdditionalResources –5G,NG-RAN Architecture
| 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 68 ● Joakim Bergström,AliCheema, Daniel Chen Larsson,Sebastian Euler,Jon Gamble, AsbjörnGrövlen,Olof Liberg, NeivaLinder,CyrilMichel, MeralSherazipour,Nianshan Shi ● My colleaguesin the EricssonNTN, RAN3and RANteams Acknowledgments
| 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 69 www.ericsson.com/6g

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Non-Terrestrial Networks and 3GPP Standards from 5G to 6G

  • 1.
    | 2024-10-10 |Public | Page 1 NTN and 3GPP Standards from 5G to 6G Gino Masini, MBA Principal Researcher – Standardization Ericsson AB – Standards and Technologies Stockholm, Sweden
  • 2.
    | 2024-10-10 |Public | Page 2 Summary ● 5G and standards ● 3GPP today ● The journey of satellites toward 3GPP ● Where we are today: Rel-19 in progress ● Some lessons we learned ● Towards 6G
  • 3.
    | 2024-10-10 |Public | Page 3 5G and Standards ● 5G From scenarios and requirements to specifications ● NG-RAN architecture today ● 5G Advanced
  • 5.
    Scenariosfor5G High Throughput –High Reliability – Reduced/No Latency – Service Based
  • 6.
    Requirements fromITU(IMT-2020) Requirement Performance Measure DL:20 Gbps UL: 10 Gbps Peak data rate DL: 30 bps/Hz UL: 15 bps/Hz Peak spectral efficiency 100 MHz Bandwidth 20 ms (10 ms encouraged) Control plane latency URLLC: 1/0.5 ms, eMBB: 4 ms User plane latency, 1-way 10s / 20byte packet Infrequent small packets 0 ms Mobility interruption time Up to 500 km/h Mobility 3x IMT-A requirement TRP spectral efficiency 3x IMT-A requirement User spectral efficiency at 5% percentile 10 Mbps/m2 [ITU] Area traffic capacity 100/50 Mbps DL/UL [ITU] User experienced datarate 140/143 dB loss MaxCL Extreme coverage (3GPP) Requirement Performance Measure 1,000,000 devices/km2 Connection density 164 dB coupling loss Coverage (3GPP) 10-15 yr Battery life (3GPP) 1-10-5 in 1 ms Reliability Inspection (Qualitative) NW energy efficiency Inspection (Qualitative) UE Energy efficiency Yes Inter-system mobility Yes Bandwidth scalability Yes Spectrum flexibility Yes Support of wide range of services Latency (4G → 5G): 20 → 1 ms Source: ITU-R Rep. M.2410-0
  • 7.
    | 2024-10-10 |Public | Page 7 Access/backhaul integration Integrated D2D connectivity Massive beam-forming System control Flexible and scalable system plane Ultra-lean design User data Flexible, scalable and future-proof design Deployment Multi-site coordination/connectivity Flexible PHY Use cases Spectrum Energy efficient: minimize network transmissions not directly related to user data delivery Machine-type communication 5GinOneGlance
  • 8.
    Challenges for5GArchitecture ● Supportenhanced mobile broadband (“more of the same, but better and faster”) ● Support Ultra-Reliable, Low-Latency Communications (URLLC); ● A single architecture for centralized, distributed, and monolithic deployments – Embrace softwarization (the network becomes programmable) and virtualization (network nodes become software instances) – Support the deployment of certain functions in the cloud ● Fully separate Control Plane from User Plane of a centralized unit, for maximum deployment flexibility ● Cooperation and resource sharing with existing LTE networks ● Different migration strategies and “paths” from 4G to 5G ● Standardization Source: 3GPP TR 38.801
  • 9.
    E1 gNB-DU gNB-CU-CP F1-C F1-U gNB gNB-CU-UP gNB-DU 5G: TheNG-RANArchitecture (“TheJanusBifronsandtheMatryoshka”) Source: 3GPP TS 38.300 and TS 38.401
  • 10.
    | 2024-10-10 |Public | Page 10 Defining 5GAdvanced ● 5G Advanced builds on 5G and paves the way towards 6G. – 5G Advanced focuses on providing sustainable and intelligent mobile networks. – High performance networks will support new services and applications such as immersive reality and cloud gaming. Sustainable networks Intelligent RAN New services Performance
  • 11.
    | 2024-10-10 |Public | Page 11 3GPP Today ● Why Standards ● Structure, ways of working, recent timeline ● Backwards-compatible framework
  • 12.
    WhyStandards? — A goodtechnical standard: — Ensures compatibility and interoperability — Promotes a broader market — Lowers industrial costs An early example of global technical standard (Pompeii, 1st century A.D.) Source:Wikipedia
  • 13.
    Source: Q22024, EricssonMobilityReport 13 Interworking andIntegration 3GPP track Mobile subscriptions by technology (billions) 5G subscriptions by end 2029
  • 14.
    - Produces andmaintains standards defining its technologies – GSM, UMTS, LTE, NR, … - Cellular telecommunications networks, including radio access, the core network, and service capabilities – Including codecs, security, and quality of service – Also provides “hooks” for: ● non-radio access to the core network ● Wi-Fi interworking - Work is contribution-driven and consensus-based – Majority-based decisions are the exception 14 What Is3GPP? Source: www.3gpp.org
  • 15.
    • Organizational Partnerstranspose 3GPP Technical Specifications into standards • Market Representation Partners (MRPs) can offer market advice and a consensus view of market requirements • MRPs do not define, publish or set standards 15 3GPP Partners Source: www.3gpp.org
  • 16.
    | 2024-10-10 |Public | Page 16 3GPP Structure TSG CT Core Network & Terminals TSG RAN Radio Access Network TSG SA Service & System Aspects CT WG1 User Equipment to Core Network protocols CT WG3 Interworking with External Networks & Policy and Charging Control CT WG4 Core Network Protocols CT WG6 Smart Card Application Aspects RAN WG1 Radio Layer 1 (Physical layer) RAN WG2 Radio Layer 2 and Radio layer 3 Radio Resource Control RAN WG4 Radio Performance and Protocol Aspects RAN WG5 Mobile terminal conformance testing RAN AH1 ITU-R Ad Hoc SA WG1 Services SA WG2 System Architecture and Services SA WG4 Multimedia Codecs, Systems and Services SA WG5 Management, Orchestration and Charging SA WG6 Application Enablement and Critical Communication Applications Project Coordination Group (PCG) RAN WG3 RAN architecture and related network interfaces SA WG3 Security and Privacy • Work is organized in Study Items (SIs) and Work Items (WIs) • Study Items produce Technical Reports (TRs) • Work Items produce or modify Technical Standards (TSs) • Specifications are organized by series (topic) and by releases (self-consistent sets of features) • All documents are freely downloadable Source: www.3gpp.org/specifications-technologies
  • 17.
    3GPP Timeline • From4G advanced to 6G
  • 18.
    Maintaining aBackwards-Compatible Framework Majorfocus for 3GPP is to make the system backwards and forwards compatible, for uninterrupted operation of user terminals – e.g. backwards compatibility between LTE and LTE-Advanced: an LTE-Advanced terminal can work in an LTE cell and vice versa
  • 19.
    | 2024-10-10 |Public | Page 19 The Journey of Satellites toward 3GPP ● Global scenarios ● Why satellites? Why standardize? Why 3GPP? Why now? ● New challenges for architecture, mobility, procedures, … ● From studies to Rel-17/18
  • 20.
    Satellites cancomplement terrestrialcoverage Non-terrestrialnetworks(NTN)arerelevantformanyverticals • Connectivity in remote regions • Existing terrestrial users traveling into uncovered areas (adventurers, mountaineers, sailing, …) • Airborne, maritime, … • Connecting low-traffic railway lines in rural areas • Adding resilience to failover from TN • NTN can be integrated as a transport path in FRMCS • Resilience for public safety and national security in case of natural or man-made disasters impacting terrestrial networks Global Internet Railways Public safety Automotive • No new use NTN-specific cases identified for connected vehicles (5GAA) • Complementing terrestrial coverage gaps • Resilience when TN unavailable Consumer connectivity, industrial service continuity, and public safety are the key NTN use cases
  • 21.
    | 2024-10-10 |Public | Page 21 GeneralOverview ofSatellite Systems
  • 22.
    | 2024-10-10 |Public | Page 22 Why5GSatellite AccessStandardization? Why 5G satellite access? Why standardize 5G satellite access in 3GPP? Global coverage for 5G Open, global standard → interoperability, future-proofness, wide ecosystem Technology common with terrestrial cellular networks → economies of scale, cost reduction.
  • 23.
    3GPP NTN standardization Objective:Integrate satellite access in mass-market chipsets for regular smartphones
  • 24.
    5GNTN/TN Interoperability ● 3GPPhas introduced enhancements for seamless interoperability between NTN and TN – Mobility support for NTNTN handovers for NR and LTE – Integration of NTN within 5G Core and 4G Core ● e.g., similar interworking models as in terrestrial ● Ericsson has also tested mobility support for 5G NTN
  • 25.
    NewQuestions onArchitecture duetoNTN… ●How to apply the existing 3GPP framework to NTN? E.g.? – How to manage 3GPP network identifiers and moving cells due to LEO? – How to manage UE paging in NTN? – Role of Xn interface when NTNs are involved? – Is SON applicable in NTN? And between NTN and terrestrial networks?
  • 26.
    …AndsomeChallenges toMobility… ● Mobility(including e.g. TN-NTN) – Large propagation delays, especially for GEO: RTT =~550 ms – Frequent HOs for LEO: satellite visibility time from a UE is in the order of minutes ● Propagation delay will interrupt data transmission by several RTTs before connections are established to target cell – Potentially large interruptions with existing HO mechanism ● Mobility enhancements have been introduced, e.g.: – Conditional Handover – …
  • 27.
    Earth-Fixed Tracking AreaforLEO In which cell to page the UE, is known to the network at Tracking Area (TA) level. ● A Tracking Area (TA) is defined as a cluster of cells configured by the operator. ● The UE informs the network on entering a TA where its location area registration is not valid ● The UE reads the Tracking Area Code (TAC) the cell belongs to, from the broadcasted System Info TA is fixed with respect to the Earth: if the cells sweep on the ground, the TAC broadcasted by the cell changes according to the covered region.
  • 28.
    FeederLinkSwitch It may benecessary for another gNB to take over the served area (e.g. offloading traffic, planned maintenance, etc.); then the feeder link to the satellite needs to be switched – Both gNB1 and gNB2 serve the same area during the switch – For the switch to be seamless, it should allow for all UEs to be handed over
  • 29.
    NTN in3GPP Rel-17/18(MainFeatures) ●BothLEO and GEO –HAPS and Air-To-Ground also supported ●Transparent payload architecture ●FDD is assumed but TDD not precluded for relevant scenarios (e.g. HAPS, ATG) ●Earth-fixed Tracking Area is assumed –Both Earth-fixed and Earth-moving cells ●Terminals with location capabilities are assumed
  • 30.
    IoT/MTCandNTN ● Rel-17 Studyon NB-IoT and LTE-M (aka eMTC) for satellites (completed in June 2021) – Objectives: ● Identify applicable scenarios ● Study and recommend necessary changes to support NB-IoT/eMTC over satellites ● Rel-17 WI: minimal scope, focusing on essential functionalities – eMTC and NB-IoT both included with equal priority – Only EPC connectivity was considered (i.e. initially 5GC connectivity was not in scope)
  • 31.
    | 2024-10-10 |Public | Page 31 5GNTNand3GPP:breaking downthework SA2: System level •Mobility management with huge cell size •UE location and support of regulated service •QoS class for GEO satellite links •Impact of satellite backhauling CT1: Network protocols •PLMN (re)selection •NAS timers RAN1: Physical layer •Timing relationship •UL time and frequency synchronization •Enhancements on HARQ •Polarization signaling RAN2: Higher layers •User Plane: RACH aspects, Other MAC aspects (e.g. HARQ), RLC, PDCP •System information broadcast •Control Plane: Tracking Area Management, Idle/connected mode mobility, UE Location Service RAN3: Access network architecture •Network Identity handling •Registration Update and Paging Handling •Cell Relation Handling •Feeder Link Switch-Over (NGSO) •Aspects Related to Country- Specific Routing RAN4: RF & RRM performance •RF: New bands, TN/NTN coexistence, Satellite Access Node & NTN capable UE •RRM: timing compensation (idle, connected mode), GNSS accuracy
  • 32.
    Satellite access architecturein3GPP Rel-17/18 Transparentpayload (Rel-17/18) ● Base station (gNB) on the ground ● Transparent (“bent pipe”) satellite payload: Radio interface terminated on the ground ● All network interfaces terminate on the ground
  • 33.
    Transparent PayloadandFunctionalSystem ● Targetingboth sub-6 GHz for mobile handheld and higher frequencies (e.g., Ka band) for devices with high antenna gains such as very small aperture terminal (VSAT) ● NTN-payload, feeder link, GW, and Non-NTN infrastructure gNB are considered as single entity Source: 3GPP TS 38.300
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36.
    Transparent PayloadArchitecture (3)–UserPlane Source: 3GPP TR 38.821
  • 37.
    Satellite Spectrum and3GPP ●S-band (2-4 GHz) was the main focus for FR1 ● Higher frequencies were more complicated – Ka-band is not fully within the FR2 range: – 17.7-20.2 GHz and 27.5-30 GHz for NTN-NR in above 10 GHz bands – RAN “endorsed” at least a portion of the “Ka Band” as candidate example band – Further study was undertaken: ● Technical implications, co-existence, which part of the Ka-band to consider… ● New specifications: – TR 38.101-5: NR; UE Radio transmission and reception; Part 5: Satellite access RF and performance requirements – TS 38.108: NR; Satellite Node radio transmission and reception – TS 38.521-5: NR; UE conformance specification; Radio transmission and reception, Part 5: Satellite access RF and performance
  • 38.
    | 2024-10-10 |Public | Page 38 Where We Are Today: Rel- 19 in Progress ● Unlocking new possibilities ● UE-satellite-UE communication ● Store & Forward
  • 39.
    | 2024-10-10 |Public | Page 39 • 3GPP Rel-17: • 5G NR protocol stack supports non-terrestrial communication, including satellite communication • Doppler and time drift addressed • S- and L-band operationsupported • IoT NTN, including support for NB-IoT and LTE-M • 3GPP Rel-18: • VoNR connection can be providedfrom a LEO600/1200constellation to a regular smartphone. • Proof of concept from Ericsson collaboration with Thales and Qualcomm • Ka-bandsupport, enabling 3GPP-basedFSS • IoT NTN: S-bandand L-band support • 3GPP Rel-19: • Support for regenerative payload • IoT NTN: Store&Forward • UE-satellite-UE communication • Improved downlink coverage anduplinkcapacity • Ku-bandsupport Unlocking newpossibilities RTT @ beam center Time 0 s ~500 s 8 ms ~25 ms ~25.000 km/h dRTT/dt = ~65 ms/s θ>20º Time 0 s ~500 s -20 kHz +20 kHz S-band Doppler @ beam center 50 km Earth fixed beam
  • 40.
    Satellite access architecturein3GPP Rel-19 Regenerativepayload (Rel-19) ● Base station (gNB) on the satellite ● Leverages existing inter-gNB interface (Xn) – Direct inter-satellite mobility – Dual Connectivity – Resource coordination – Load management – … ● Core network entities on the ground or on the satellite ● Prerequisite for store & forward operation – Core Network functions deployed on board ● Prerequisite for UE-satellite-UE communication Xn
  • 41.
    Support forUE-Satellite-UE Communication Supportscommunication between UEs under the coverage of one or more serving satellites without the User Plane going through the ground network Xn
  • 42.
    Store&Forward Architecture forIoTNTN (IoT NTN is based on E-UTRAN) ● Base station (eNB) on the satellite Store & Forward supports delay-tolerant/non- real-time services (IoT, MTC, SMS ● 2 cases: – MME-NT on board, MME-T on ground – Complete core network on board T3 T1 MME-T SGW HSS PGW PCRF S11 S5//S8 S6a DN SCEF SGi Gx MME-NT-2 MME-NT-1 RAN RAN MME-NT-1 RAN T2 CORE NETWORK Source: 3GPP TR 23.700-29
  • 43.
    | 2024-10-10 |Public | Page 43 Some Lessons We Learned ● Payload architecture ● Synchronization ● Coverage, capacity, latency performance ● Sustainability
  • 45.
    Satellite payload architecture Transparentpayload(Rel-17/18) + Proven technology + “Conventional” gNB - Does not scale well - Multiple D/A conversions
  • 46.
    Satellite payload architecture Regenerativepayload(Rel-19) Xn + Improved Performance + Better Resiliency + Inter-satellite links + Unlocks New services - More complex satellite - More power-hungry - More expensive
  • 47.
    5GNTNSynchronization UEpre-compensatesDelayandDopplerShift ● Solution: Givethe UE all information it needs to compensate delay and Doppler shift! 1. UE determines its position (via GNSS) 2. UE receives satellite position in a broadcast from the NTN satellite 3. UE calculates the distance and derives the propagation delay 4. UE starts communicating with the satellite ● (At the same time, the UE also calculates relative velocity to compensate Doppler shift) All NTN UEs need to be able to determine their position! Network operation (almost) as in TN! All NTN UEs assumed to be equipped with GNSS chipsets
  • 48.
    5GNTNSpectrum & Devices ●Rel-17: S-band & L-band (2 GHz & 1.6 GHz)  handheld devices ● With Rel-19, 3GPP operating bands are defined in practically all satellite spectrum below 3 GHz (close to 100 MHz in total)! ● Rel-18: Ka-band (20/30 GHz)  high-gain devices with directive antenna ● Rel-19: Ku-band (12/14 GHz) ● NTN is FDD (except for an ongoing NB-IoT WI to support a specific TDD band) Key characteristics: • Operating bands in spectrum which is allocated to satellites • NTN bands are separate from terrestrial bands | 2024-10-10 | Public | Page 48
  • 49.
    Coverageperformance ● Coverage isa challenge in both UL and DL – Large freespace pathloss – Limited transmit power at satellite and UEs – Poor antenna gain for handheld UEs ● Rel-18 specified UL coverage enhancements – Repetitions for Msg4 HARQ-ACK (PUCCH) – DMRS bundling procedures to ensure phase coherence (PUSCH) – Other channels can survive using legacy coverage enhancement features ● Rel-19 discussing DL coverage enhancements – Beam hopping – Link-level repetitions DL Coverage Enhancements Accommodatesatellite payload constraintssuch as limited poweror feederlink BW Example techniques: - link level: repetitions - systemlevel: beam hopping
  • 50.
    Capacityperformance ● NTN capacity/throughputperformance is only a fraction of that of TN – Large cells, limited TX power, robust transmission to enhance coverage, etc. – Rel-19 specifying UL capacity enhancements ● Confirmed by various studies conducted under different assumptions… ● 3GPP – ~0.7 Mbps DL (median UE throughput) ● IMT2020 – 0.91 Mbps DL and 0.15 Mbps UL (user experienced data rate) – 11 Mbps DL and 2.67 Mbps UL (peak data rate) ● Ericsson internal study – 0.5 Mbps DL and 0.2 Mbps UL (median UE throughput) UL Capacity Enhancements Optimizeuplink capacity through multiplexingusersusing Orthogonal CoverCodes(OCC)
  • 51.
    Latencyperformance ● End-to-end latencyfrom UE to Core network measured on testbed ● Latency includes propagation, transmission, processing, queuing and other network-related delays ● ~3x increase in latency – 34 ms (TN) – 92 ms (NTN LEO@600 km) …One of the many lessons learned
  • 52.
    | 2024-10-10 |Public | Page 52 Towards 6G ● Focus areas, capabilities, trends and scenarios ● RAN architectures in perspective ● The role of satellite access in 6G ● Timeline
  • 53.
    | 2024-10-10 |Public | Page 53 6GFocus Areas Criticalcommunication– expandingonURLLC Immersivecommunication– expandingoneMBB Massivecommunication–expandingon mMTC Newserviceson 6Gplatform Communicationbeyond 5G & Further enhancedMBB Beyond-communication networks Sustainabilityand trustimperatives Efficient network operations Integrated sensing Immersive communication Integrated Compute & AI Critical communication Massive communication Global broadband communication 6G
  • 54.
    | 2024-10-10 |Public | Page 54 6GCapabilities Network capacity Latency Coverage Energy performance Positioning & timing Data rates Privacy Service availability& resilience Network sensing Deployment flexibility Dependable compute/AI Service versatility Efficient, secure & sustainable solutions Device diversity Mobility Spectrum sharing Communication beyond MBB Beyond-communication networks Efficient network operation Further enhanced MBB
  • 55.
    | 2024-10-10 |Public | Page 55 6Gdeployment scenarios ● During the initial 5G study, 12 deployment scenarios were agreed in 3GPP TR 38.913 ● For 6G, new scenarios are envisaged today: – Additional deployment scenarios include e.g., 3D coverage and extreme performance installations. ● New additional assumptions: – New technologies (e.g., D-MIMO), new services (e.g., sensing) and new spectrum may require revisiting the attributes for 5G deployment scenarios. – Impacted parameters are e.g., cell configurations, different BWs and different KPIs
  • 56.
    Architectures inPerspectiveToward 6G(1) 3G:UTRAN Architecture Source: 3GPP TS 25.401 RNS RNC RNS RNC Core Network Node B Node B Node B Node B Iu Iu Iur Iub Iub Iub Iub UTRAN X 2 X 2 4G: E-UTRAN Architecture Source: 3GPP TS 36.300
  • 57.
    E1 gNB-DU gNB-CU-CP F1-C F1-U gNB gNB-CU-UP gNB-DU 5G: NG-RANArchitecture Source: 3GPP TS 38.300 and TS 38.401 Architectures inPerspectiveToward 6G(2) → 6G Architecture: …?
  • 58.
    | 2024-10-10 |Public | Page 58 Trends andScenarios forNTN towards6G(1) ● From proprietary NTN technologies to global standards, thanks to 3GPP involvement ● Direct connectivity to user terminals and IoT devices ● NTN and TN: from “interworking” to “integration” to “unified”? – Interworking: independently-designed elements – Integration: adding a satellite component to 5G – Unified: satellite and terrestrial components work together to address the same common requirements, with unified design principles in an optimum balance ● 5G NTN scenarios will be enhanced, e.g.: – Coverage extension to places not served by terrestrial networks ● Including e.g. emergency services, automotive, IoT – Capacity increase to already served locations
  • 59.
    | 2024-10-10 |Public | Page 59 Trends andScenarios forNTN towards6G(2) ● NTN is expected to contribute to 6G for: – Improved service availability, deployment flexibility / scalability ● Thanks to coverage extension / “3D coverage” – Reduced latency ● Thanks to increased embarked edge computing capacity, storage capability – Improved network positioning and sensing capability ● Thanks to increased reach and visibility of satellites ● Innovation is expected to be needed in order to match “6G ambitions” for NTN
  • 60.
    | 2024-10-10 |Public | Page 60 6GNTNIdeas (1)
  • 61.
    | 2024-10-10 |Public | Page 61 6GNTNIdeas (2) ● Multi terminal types and usage conditions – Pedestrian, flying, maritime moving platforms, satellite-mounted, … ● Multi mission radio protocols – Even higher channel bandwidth flexibility, increased interference mitigation capability – High accuracy, trusted localization capabilities ● Multi-dimensional network infrastructure – 3D infrastructure: network nodes located on different space orbits – Regenerative payload with added storage, computational and routing resources ● Multi constraint RAN – e.g., spectrum reuse between non-terrestrial platforms at different orbits ● Unified with terrestrial network components – “Multi-connection” between TN and TN for seamless transitions of data connections
  • 62.
    ● NTN anintegral part of 6G from the very beginning – Support including NTN in the baseline Rel-20 6G study item and the first normative work item in Rel-21 – MBB a priority (don’t mind catering to IoT in Rel-20if it doesn’timpedeMBBNTN work) ● Concept development underway for 6G NTN – GNSS-less operation of NTN devices in 6G ● Ongoing external R&D engagements in EU projects, testbeds, and academic collaborations – 6G NTN: Waveforms,Regenerativearchitecture, Coexistencein C/Q/Vbands – 6G Sky: CombinedAirspaceand NTN use cases, RAN functional split – Industrycooperation: Ericsson/Thales/QualcommPoC (on-groundLEO emulator),Airbusdemo(LEO) – Vinnova/Luleå Univ.: ResilientGNSS-freeNTN – ITU: IMT2020 satellitecomponent OurVisionon6GNTN 6G – True Unification 5G & 5G-Adv – Integration Terrestrial Networks Satellite Networks
  • 63.
    3GPP Timeline ● FromRel-15, 5G is designedaround three main use cases: EnhancedMBB, Critical MTC and Massive MTC. – Support for selected verticals specifiedin later releases ● 5G Advancedstarted in Rel-18, remains in focus also in Rel-19/20 ● 6G studies in Rel-19/20; first 6G specifications in Rel-21 – This should support an initial 6G commercial release in 2030.
  • 64.
    | 2024-10-10 |Public | Page 64 In Conclusion
  • 65.
    InConclusion ● Current NTNuse cases: – Mobile broadband in underserved areas, public safety, maritime, airplane, service continuity in case of crisis, … ● Interoperable interfaces to terminals and networks are in place – Including support for IoT, Machine-Type Communication ● Integration of NTN in 3GPP is possible thanks to continued open discussion – Different mindsets, different communities, lessons learned ● Work is ongoing on the path to 6G ● NTN is expected to be an integral part of the 6G ecosystem from the start
  • 66.
    | 2024-10-10 |Public | Page 66 ● Euler S., Fu X., Hellsten S., Kefeder C., Liberg O., Medeiros E., Nordell E., Singh D., Synnergren P., Trojer E., Xirouchakis I. “Using 3GPP Technology for Satellite Communication”, Ericsson Technology Review, Jun. 2023. ● Masini G., “How we reached a common vision on the architecture for 5G non- terrestrial networks in 3GPP Rel-19”, https://www.ericsson.com/en/blog/2024/10/ntn-payload-architecture ● Vanelli-Coralli A., Chuberre N., Masini G., Guidotti A., El Jaafari M., 5G Non- Terrestrial Networks, Wiley, 2024. ● Masini G., Reininger P., El Jaafari M., Vesely A., Chuberre N., Baudry B., Houssin J.-M., “5G Meets Satellite: Non-Terrestrial Network Architecture and 3GPP”, Int J on Sat Comm Ntw, 2022;1-13. doi:10.1002/sat.1456. ● Alves H., Mikhaylov K., Hoyhtya M. (ed.), Integration of MTC and Satellites for IoT Toward 6G Era, Wiley, 2024. AdditionalResources –NTN,IoTNTN
  • 67.
    | 2024-10-10 |Public | Page 67 ● Lin X., Lee N. (ed.), 5G and Beyond – Fundamentals and Standards, Springer, 2021. ● Sirotkin S. (ed.), 5G Radio Access Network Architecture – The Dark Side of 5G, Wiley, 2020. AdditionalResources –5G,NG-RAN Architecture
  • 68.
    | 2024-10-10 |Public | Page 68 ● Joakim Bergström,AliCheema, Daniel Chen Larsson,Sebastian Euler,Jon Gamble, AsbjörnGrövlen,Olof Liberg, NeivaLinder,CyrilMichel, MeralSherazipour,Nianshan Shi ● My colleaguesin the EricssonNTN, RAN3and RANteams Acknowledgments
  • 69.
    | 2024-10-10 |Public | Page 69 www.ericsson.com/6g